分母有理化:练习题与解答

以下是关于如何对根式表达式进行分母有理化的高一(10年级)练习题。复习公式和示例,尝试解答练习题,然后点击箭头查看分步解答。

对含有分母的根式表达式进行有理化,就是将分母表示为不含根式的形式。

用于有理化的实用恒等式

下列恒等式可用于对有理表达式的分母进行有理化:

  1. $\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x} = (\sqrt{x})^2 = x$
  2. $\sqrt[3]{x} \cdot (\sqrt[3]{x})^2 = (\sqrt[3]{x})^3 = x$
  3. $(\sqrt{x} - \sqrt{y}) (\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{y}) = (\sqrt{x})^2 - (\sqrt{y})^2 = x - y$
  4. $(x - \sqrt{y}) (x + \sqrt{y}) = x^2 - (\sqrt{y})^2 = x^2 - y$

带解答的示例

通过查看以下示例了解如何应用有理化:

示例 1

有理化:$\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$

查看解答

由于分母中有 $\sqrt{2}$,将分子和分母都乘以 $\sqrt{2}$ 并化简:

$$ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{(\sqrt{2})^2} = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} $$

示例 2

有理化:$\dfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x}}$

查看解答

由于分母中有 $\sqrt[3]{x}$,将分子和分母都乘以 $\left( \sqrt[3]{x} \right)^2$ 并化简:

$$ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x}} \cdot \dfrac{\left( \sqrt[3]{x} \right)^2}{\left( \sqrt[3]{x} \right)^2} = \dfrac{\sqrt[3]{x^2}}{x} $$

示例 3

有理化:$\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}}$

查看解答

由于分母中有表达式 $\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}$,将分子和分母都乘以其共轭式 $\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2}$,得到:

$$ \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}} \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2}} $$

$$ = \dfrac{4(\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2})}{(\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2})(\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2})} $$

$$ = \dfrac{4(\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2})}{(\sqrt{3})^{2} - (\sqrt{2})^{2}} $$

$$ = \dfrac{4(\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2})}{3 - 2} = 4(\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2}) $$

示例 4

有理化:$\dfrac{5x^{2}}{\sqrt[3]{x^{2}}}$

查看解答

由于分母中有表达式 $\sqrt[3]{x^2}$,将分子和分母都乘以 $\left( \sqrt[3]{x^2} \right)^2$,得到:

$$ \dfrac{5x^2}{\sqrt[3]{x^2}} = \dfrac{5x^2}{\sqrt[3]{x^2}} \cdot \dfrac{\left( \sqrt[3]{x^2} \right)^2}{\left( \sqrt[3]{x^2} \right)^2} $$

$$ = \dfrac{5x^2 \sqrt[3]{x^4}}{\left( \sqrt[3]{x^2} \right)^3} $$

化简并约去项:

$$ = \dfrac{5x^2 \sqrt[3]{x^4}}{x^2} = 5\sqrt[3]{x^4} = 5x\sqrt[3]{x} $$

示例 5

有理化:$\dfrac{x^2}{y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$

查看解答

由于分母中有表达式 $y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}$,将分子和分母都乘以其共轭式 $y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}$,得到:

$$ \dfrac{x^2}{y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} = \dfrac{x^2}{y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot \dfrac{y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}{y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} $$

$$ = \dfrac{x^2(y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2})}{(y)^2 - (\sqrt{x^2 + y^2})^2} $$

$$ = \dfrac{x^2(y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2})}{y^2 - (x^2 + y^2)} $$

$$ = \dfrac{x^2(y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2})}{-x^2} $$

$$ = -y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} $$


练习题与答案

对下列表达式的分母进行有理化,并在可能的情况下进行化简:

第 1 题

化简:$\dfrac{10}{\sqrt{5}}$

查看解答

将分子和分母都乘以 $\sqrt{5}$:

$$ \frac{10}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{10}{\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{5}}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{10\sqrt{5}}{(\sqrt{5})^2} = \frac{10\sqrt{5}}{5} = 2\sqrt{5} $$

第 2 题

化简:$2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} - \dfrac{\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3}}$

查看解答

关注分数部分。将其分子和分母都乘以共轭式 $\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3}$:

$$ = 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} - \left( \frac{\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3}} \right) $$

化简分数:

$$ = 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} - \frac{(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{3})^2}{(\sqrt{2})^2-(\sqrt{3})^2} $$

$$ = 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} - \frac{(\sqrt{2})^2 + (\sqrt{3})^2 - 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3}}{2-3} $$

$$ = 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} - \frac{2+3-2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3}}{-1} $$

分配负号:

$$ = 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} + 5 - 2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3} $$

$$ = 5 $$

第 3 题

化简:$\dfrac{7x^4}{\sqrt[3]{x^4}}$

查看解答

将分子和分母都乘以 $\left( \sqrt[3]{x^4} \right)^2$:

$$ \frac{7x^4}{\sqrt[3]{x^4}} = \frac{7x^4}{\sqrt[3]{x^4}} \cdot \frac{\left( \sqrt[3]{x^4} \right)^2}{\left( \sqrt[3]{x^4} \right)^2} $$

化简:

$$ = \frac{7x^4 \sqrt[3]{x^8}}{\left( \sqrt[3]{x^4} \right)^3} = \frac{7x^4 \sqrt[3]{x^8}}{x^4} = 7 \sqrt[3]{x^8} = 7x^2 \sqrt[3]{x^2} $$

第 4 题

化简:$\dfrac{-x^2}{y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$

查看解答

将分子和分母都乘以共轭式 $y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}$:

$$ \frac{-x^2}{y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} = \frac{-x^2}{y + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} \cdot \frac{y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}{y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} $$

化简分母:

$$ = \frac{-x^2(y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2})}{y^2 - (x^2 + y^2)} $$

$$ = \frac{-x^2(y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2})}{-x^2} = y - \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} $$

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