指数法则:练习题与分步解答 - 九年级数学

本页旨在帮助学生、家长和教师通过精心挑选的问题以及每个问题下方直接提供的详细分步解答,掌握指数的属性。

指数形式是将同一个数自乘多次的简便书写方式:

\[ \underbrace{ a \cdot a \cdot a \dots a}_{ n \text{ 次} } = a^n \]

这里,\( a \) 称为底数(实数),\( n \) 称为指数(整数)。表达式 \( a^n \) 读作“\(a\) 的 \(n\) 次方”。理解这些法则是学习高等代数和微积分的关键基石。

指数法则与属性

在尝试下方的练习题之前,请复习这些基本属性:

# 法则名称 定义 示例
1 指数形式 \( \underbrace{ a \cdot a \cdot a \dots a}_{ n \text{ 次} } = a^n \) \( 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 4 = 4^5 \)
\( 2^3 = 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 8 \)
2 负指数法则 \( a^{-n} = \dfrac{1}{a^n} \)  或  \( a^{n} = \dfrac{1}{a^{-n}} \) \( 3^{-4} = \dfrac{1}{3^4} \)
\( 5^{-2} = \dfrac{1}{5^2} \)
3 乘积法则(同底数) \( a^m \cdot a^n = a^{m+n} \) \( 2^4 \cdot 2^6 = 2^{4+6} = 2^{10} \)
\( 3^{2+6} = 3^2 \cdot 3^6 \)
4 乘积法则(同指数) \( a^m \cdot b^m = (a \cdot b)^m \) \( 2^5 \cdot 3^5 = (2 \cdot 3)^5 = 6^5 \)
\( (4 \cdot 3)^2 = 4^2 \cdot 3^2 \)
5 商法则(同底数) \( \dfrac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m - n} \) \( \dfrac{2^6}{2^4} = 2^{6-4} = 2^{2} \)
\( 3^{5-2} = \dfrac{3^5}{3^2} \)
6 商法则(同指数) \( \left( \dfrac{a}{b} \right)^m = \dfrac{a^m}{b^m} \) \( \left( \dfrac{3}{5} \right)^4 = \dfrac{3^4}{5^4} \)
\( \dfrac{4^2}{5^2} = \left( \dfrac{4}{5} \right)^2 \)
7 商法则(负指数) \( \left( \dfrac{a}{b} \right)^{-m} = \dfrac{b^m}{a^m} \) \( \left( \dfrac{3}{5} \right)^{-2} = \dfrac{5^2}{3^2} \)
8 幂的乘方 \( (a^n)^m = a^{n \cdot m} \) \( (2^3)^4 = 2^{3\cdot4} = 2^{12} \)
\( 3^{4 \cdot 5} = (3^4)^5 = (3^5)^4 \)
9 零指数法则 \( a^0 = 1 \)   (对于 \(a \neq 0\)) \( 10000000^0 = 1 \)
注意: \( \color{red}{0^0 \text{ 是未定义的}} \)
10 一次幂法则 \( a^1 = a \) \( 45^1 = 45 \)
\( 100 = 100^1 \)
11 底数为 1 法则 \( 1^n = 1 \) \( 1^{230} = 1 \)
\( 1^{-100} = 1 \)
12 底数为 -1 法则 \( (-1)^n = \begin{cases} 1, & \text{如果 } n \text{ 是偶数} \\ -1, & \text{如果 } n \text{ 是奇数} \end{cases} \) \( (-1)^{19} = -1 \)
\( (-1)^{18} = 1 \)

练习题与解答

提示:在展开解答块之前,请尝试在不使用计算器的情况下解决以下所有问题。

  1. 计算下列表达式的值:
    1. \( 1^1 \)
    2. \( 2^3 \)
    3. \( (-2)^2 \)
    4. \( (-2)^3 \)
    5. \( 3^4 \)
    6. \( 4^2 \)
    7. \( 2^5 \)
    8. \( 5^2 \)
    9. \( (-1)^6 \)
    10. \( 7^2 \)
    11. \( (-9)^2 \)
    12. \( 3^3 \)
    13. \( 10^2 \)
    14. \( 10^3 \)
    15. \( 0.1^3 \)
    查看第 1 题分步解答
    1. \( 1^1 = 1 \)
    2. \( 2^3 = 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 8 \)
    3. \( (-2)^2 = (-2) \cdot (-2) = 4 \)
    4. \( (-2)^3 = (-2) \cdot (-2) \cdot (-2) = -8 \)
    5. \( 3^4 = 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 = 81 \)
    6. \( 4^2 = 4 \cdot 4 = 16 \)
    7. \( 2^5 = 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 32 \)
    8. \( 5^2 = 5 \cdot 5 = 25 \)
    9. \( (-1)^6 = 1 \) (负一的偶数次方)
    10. \( 7^2 = 7 \cdot 7 = 49 \)
    11. \( (-9)^2 = (-9) \cdot (-9) = 81 \)
    12. \( 3^3 = 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 = 27 \)
    13. \( 10^2 = 10 \cdot 10 = 100 \)
    14. \( 10^3 = 10 \cdot 10 \cdot 10 = 1000 \)
    15. \( 0.1^3 = 0.1 \cdot 0.1 \cdot 0.1 = 0.001 \)
  2. 将下列数字写成指数不等于 1 的指数形式:
    (可能有多个正确答案)
    1. \( 0 \)
    2. \( 1 \)
    3. \( 4 \)
    4. \( 8 \)
    5. \( 9 \)
    6. \( 16 \)
    7. \( 25 \)
    8. \( 32 \)
    9. \( 49 \)
    10. \( 64 \)
    11. \( 81 \)
    12. \( 100 \)
    13. \( -27 \)
    14. \( -8 \)
    15. \( -64 \)
    查看第 2 题分步解答
    1. \( 0 = 0^2 = 0^3 = 0^4 \dots \)
      (许多可能的答案。注意:\(0^0\) 是未定义的)
    2. \( 1 = 1^0 = 1^2 = 1^3 \dots \)
      (许多可能的答案)
    3. \( 4 = 2^2 = (-2)^2 \)
    4. \( 8 = 2^3 \)
    5. \( 9 = 3^2 = (-3)^2 \)
    6. \( 16 = 2^4 = 4^2 = (-2)^4 = (-4)^2 \)
    7. \( 25 = 5^2 = (-5)^2 \)
    8. \( 32 = 2^5 \)
    9. \( 49 = 7^2 = (-7)^2 \)
    10. \( 64 = 8^2 = 4^3 = (-8)^2 \)
    11. \( 81 = 9^2 = (-9)^2 \)
    12. \( 100 = 10^2 = (-10)^2 \)
    13. \( -27 = (-3)^3 \)
    14. \( -8 = (-2)^3 \)
    15. \( -64 = (-4)^3 \)
  3. 利用指数法则计算下列表达式的值:
    1. \( 120^0 \)
    2. \( 2^{-3} \)
    3. \( 2^{-3} \cdot 2^6 \)
    4. \( 2^3 \cdot 3^3 \)
    5. \( \dfrac{3^{10}}{3^8} \)
    6. \( 4^{-1} \)
    7. \( \dfrac{8^3}{4^3} \)
    8. \( \dfrac{100^3}{10^3} \)
    9. \( (2^2)^2 \)
    10. \( (1^3)^{25} \)
    11. \( ((-1)^2)^{20} \)
    12. \( - 2^{-2} \)
    13. \( ((-1)^{-1})^{-1} \)
    14. \( \left(\dfrac{100}{10}\right)^{-2} \)
    15. \( \left(\dfrac{10}{1000}\right)^{-2} \)
    查看第 3 题分步解答
    1. \( 120^0 = 1 \) (法则 9:任何非零数字的 0 次方都等于 1)
    2. \( 2^{-3} = \dfrac{1}{2^3} = \dfrac{1}{8} = 0.125 \) (法则 2)
    3. \( 2^{-3} \cdot 2^6 = 2^{-3+6} = 2^3 = 8 \) (法则 3)
    4. \( 2^3 \cdot 3^3 = (2 \cdot 3)^3 = 6^3 = 216 \) (法则 4)
    5. \( \dfrac{3^{10}}{3^8} = 3^{10-8} = 3^2 = 9 \) (法则 5)
    6. \( 4^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{4^1} = \dfrac{1}{4} = 0.25 \) (法则 2)
    7. \( \dfrac{8^3}{4^3} = \left(\dfrac{8}{4}\right)^3 = 2^3 = 8 \) (法则 6)
    8. \( \dfrac{100^3}{10^3} = \left(\dfrac{100}{10}\right)^3 = 10^3 = 1000 \) (法则 6)
    9. \( (2^2)^2 = 2^{2 \cdot 2} = 2^4 = 16 \) (法则 8)
    10. \( (1^3)^{25} = 1^{3 \cdot 25} = 1^{75} = 1 \) (法则 8 和 11)
    11. \( ((-1)^2)^{20} = (-1)^{2 \cdot 20} = (-1)^{40} = 1 \) (法则 8 和 12)
    12. \( -2^{-2} = - \dfrac{1}{2^2} = - \dfrac{1}{4} = -0.25 \) (法则 2)
    13. \( ((-1)^{-1})^{-1} = (-1)^{(-1) \cdot (-1)} = (-1)^1 = -1 \) (法则 8 和 12)
    14. \( \left(\dfrac{100}{10}\right)^{-2} = \left(\dfrac{10}{100}\right)^2 = 0.1^2 = 0.01 \) (法则 7)
    15. \( \left(\dfrac{10}{1000}\right)^{-2} = \left(\dfrac{1000}{10}\right)^2 = 100^2 = 10000 \) (法则 7)
  4. 化简下列表达式,如果可能的话,写成单一正指数的形式:
    1. \( 3^2 \cdot 3^8 \)
    2. \( \dfrac{2^5}{2^2} \)
    3. \( \left(3^5\right)^2 \)
    4. \( 6^4 \cdot \dfrac{6^5}{6^2} \)
    5. \( (-7)^2 \cdot (-7)^3 \)
    6. \( (5^2)^2 \cdot (5^3)^3 \cdot 5 \)
    7. \( x^{-1} \cdot x^3 \)
    8. \( \dfrac{a^5}{a^2} \)
    9. \( \dfrac{a^2}{a^7} \)
    10. \( 2^x \cdot 4^3 \cdot 2^y \)
    11. \( (3^{-1})^x \)
    12. \( 3^x \cdot 9^x \)
    13. \( \dfrac{a^x}{a^4} \cdot a^6 \)
    查看第 4 题分步解答
    1. \( 3^2 \cdot 3^8 = 3^{2+8} = 3^{10} \) (法则 3)
    2. \( \dfrac{2^5}{2^2} = 2^{5-2} = 2^3 \) (法则 5)
    3. \( \left(3^5\right)^2 = 3^{5 \cdot 2} = 3^{10} \) (法则 8)
    4. \( 6^4 \cdot \dfrac{6^5}{6^2} = 6^4 \cdot 6^{5-2} = 6^4 \cdot 6^3 = 6^{4+3} = 6^7 \) (法则 5 和 3)
    5. \( (-7)^2 \cdot (-7)^3 = (-7)^{2+3} = (-7)^5 \) (法则 3)
    6. \( (5^2)^2 \cdot (5^3)^3 \cdot 5 = 5^4 \cdot 5^9 \cdot 5^1 = 5^{4+9+1} = 5^{14} \) (法则 8 和 3)
    7. \( x^{-1} x^3 = x^{-1+3} = x^2 \) (法则 3)
    8. \( \dfrac{a^5}{a^2} = a^{5-2} = a^3 \) (法则 5)
    9. \( \dfrac{a^2}{a^7} = a^{2-7} = a^{-5} = \dfrac{1}{a^5} \) (法则 5 和 2)
    10. \( 2^x \cdot 4^3 \cdot 2^y \):将 \( 4 \) 写为 \(^2\),因此 \( (2^2)^3 = 2^6 \)。然后,\( 2^x \cdot 2^6 \cdot 2^y = 2^{x+6+y} \)
    11. \( (3^{-1})^x = 3^{-x} = \dfrac{1}{3^x} \) (法则 8 和 2)
    12. \( 3^x \cdot 9^x = (3 \cdot 9)^x = 27^x \) (法则 4)
    13. \( \dfrac{a^x}{a^4} \cdot a^6 = a^{x-4} \cdot a^6 = a^{x-4+6} = a^{x+2} \) (法则 5 和 3)
  5. 化简下列代数表达式:
    1. \( a^2 \cdot \dfrac{a^5}{a^2} \)
    2. \( \left (\dfrac{3x}{x} \right)^3 \)
    3. \( (2^2)^2 \)
    4. \( \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot \left (\dfrac{2x}{x} \right)^2 \)
    5. \( \dfrac{y^4 x^3}{x^2y^2} \)
    6. \( \dfrac{x^2}{4y^2} \cdot \left (\dfrac{8y}{x} \right)^2 \)
    7. \( (-6a)^2 \cdot (a^2 + 1)^0 \)
    查看第 5 题分步解答
    1. \( a^2 \cdot \dfrac{a^5}{a^2} \)
      应用商法则: \( a^2 \cdot a^{5-2} = a^2 \cdot a^3 = a^{2+3} = a^5 \)
    2. \( \left (\dfrac{3x}{x} \right)^3 \)
      在括号内约分消去 \( x \): \( \left(\dfrac{3}{1}\right)^3 = 3^3 = 27 \)
    3. \( (2^2)^2 \)
      先计算括号内的 \( 2^2 \): \( 4^2 = 16 \)
    4. \( \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot \left (\dfrac{2x}{x} \right)^2 \)
      约分消去 \( x \): \( \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot 2^2 = \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot 4 = 1 \)
    5. \( \dfrac{y^4 x^3}{x^2 y^2} \)
      按变量分组: \( \left(\dfrac{x^3}{x^2}\right) \cdot \left(\dfrac{y^4}{y^2}\right) = x^{3-2} \cdot y^{4-2} = xy^2 \)
    6. \( \dfrac{x^2}{4y^2} \cdot \left (\dfrac{8y}{x} \right)^2 \)
      对第二项应用法则 6: \( \dfrac{x^2}{4y^2} \cdot \dfrac{(8y)^2}{x^2} = \dfrac{x^2}{4y^2} \cdot \dfrac{64y^2}{x^2} \)
      消去同类项(\(x^2\) 和 \(y^2\)): \( \dfrac{64}{4} = 16 \)
    7. \( (-6a)^2 \cdot (a^2 + 1)^0 \)
      使用法则 9 计算 \( (a^2 + 1)^0 = 1 \)。然后对 \( (-6a)^2 \) 应用法则 4:\( (-6)^2 \cdot a^2 \cdot 1 = 36a^2 \)

链接与参考资料

首页