Step-by-Step Guide, Graphical Interpretations, and Solved Examples
The domain of a square root function $f(x) = \sqrt{g(x)}$ is the set of all real values of $x$ for which the expression $g(x)$ is non-negative ($g(x) \ge 0$). This ensures the output remains a real number.
The function $y = \sqrt{x}$ exists only when $x \ge 0$. As shown in the graph below, there are no real values for the function when $x$ is negative.
Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{x - 2} \]
The function takes real values if the quantity under the radical satisfies the condition:
\[ x - 2 \ge 0 \]Solving the inequality gives:
\[ x \ge 2 \]Graphical Check: The graph "exists" only for $x$ values greater than or equal to 2.
Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{|x - 1|} \]
The condition for real values is:
\[ |x - 1| \ge 0 \]Because an absolute value expression is always greater than or equal to zero for all real numbers, the condition is satisfied for any $x$.
Domain: All real numbers $\mathbb{R}$, or $(-\infty, \infty)$.
Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x + 3}} \]
Since division by zero is not allowed, the radicand must be strictly positive:
\[ x + 3 > 0 \]Solving gives:
\[ x > -3 \]Graphical Check: The graph starts just after $x = -3$ and extends to the right.
Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \dfrac{\sqrt{x + 4}}{\sqrt{x - 2}} \]
Two conditions must be met simultaneously:
The domain is the intersection of these sets:
\[ x > 2 \]
Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{\dfrac{x + 4}{x - 2}} \]
Condition: \[ \dfrac{x + 4}{x - 2} \ge 0 \]
The critical points are $x = -4$ and $x = 2$. Testing intervals:
Domain: $(-\infty, -4] \cup (2, \infty)$. (Note: $x=2$ is excluded due to the denominator).
Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{-x^2 - 4} \]
Condition: \[ -x^2 - 4 \ge 0 \Rightarrow x^2 + 4 \le 0 \]
Since $x^2 + 4$ is always at least 4 for any real $x$, it can never be less than or equal to 0.
Domain: Empty set (no real solutions).
Find the domain of: \[ f(x) = \dfrac{\sqrt{6 - x}}{\sqrt{x - 2}} \]
Conditions:
Intersection: $2 < x \le 6$. In interval notation: $(2, 6]$.
Find the domain of: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{x^2 - 4} \]
Condition: \[ x^2 - 4 \ge 0 \Rightarrow (x - 2)(x + 2) \ge 0 \]
This inequality holds when $x$ is outside the roots $-2$ and $2$.
Domain: $(-\infty, -2] \cup [2, \infty)$.
Find the domain of: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{4 - x^2} \]
Condition: \[ 4 - x^2 \ge 0 \Rightarrow (2 - x)(2 + x) \ge 0 \]
This inequality holds when $x$ is between the roots $-2$ and $2$.
Domain: $[-2, 2]$.