Domain of a Square Root Function

Step-by-Step Guide, Graphical Interpretations, and Solved Examples

The domain of a square root function $f(x) = \sqrt{g(x)}$ is the set of all real values of $x$ for which the expression $g(x)$ is non-negative ($g(x) \ge 0$). This ensures the output remains a real number.

Core Concept

The function $y = \sqrt{x}$ exists only when $x \ge 0$. As shown in the graph below, there are no real values for the function when $x$ is negative.

Standard Square Root Graph

Solved Examples

Example 1: Linear Radicand

Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{x - 2} \]

View Solution

The function takes real values if the quantity under the radical satisfies the condition:

\[ x - 2 \ge 0 \]

Solving the inequality gives:

\[ x \ge 2 \]

Graphical Check: The graph "exists" only for $x$ values greater than or equal to 2.

Graph for Example 1

Example 2: Absolute Value Radicand

Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{|x - 1|} \]

View Solution

The condition for real values is:

\[ |x - 1| \ge 0 \]

Because an absolute value expression is always greater than or equal to zero for all real numbers, the condition is satisfied for any $x$.

Domain: All real numbers $\mathbb{R}$, or $(-\infty, \infty)$.

Graph for Example 2

Example 3: Radical in the Denominator

Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x + 3}} \]

View Solution

Since division by zero is not allowed, the radicand must be strictly positive:

\[ x + 3 > 0 \]

Solving gives:

\[ x > -3 \]

Graphical Check: The graph starts just after $x = -3$ and extends to the right.

Graph for Example 3

Example 4: Ratio of Two Radicals

Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \dfrac{\sqrt{x + 4}}{\sqrt{x - 2}} \]

View Solution

Two conditions must be met simultaneously:

  1. Numerator: $x + 4 \ge 0 \Rightarrow x \ge -4$
  2. Denominator: $x - 2 > 0 \Rightarrow x > 2$

The domain is the intersection of these sets:

\[ x > 2 \] Graph for Example 4

Example 5: Radical of a Rational Expression

Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{\dfrac{x + 4}{x - 2}} \]

View Solution

Condition: \[ \dfrac{x + 4}{x - 2} \ge 0 \]

The critical points are $x = -4$ and $x = 2$. Testing intervals:

  • $(-\infty, -4]$: Expression is positive.
  • $(-4, 2)$: Expression is negative.
  • $(2, \infty)$: Expression is positive.

Domain: $(-\infty, -4] \cup (2, \infty)$. (Note: $x=2$ is excluded due to the denominator).

Graph for Example 5

Example 6: Negative Sum of Squares

Find the domain of the function: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{-x^2 - 4} \]

View Solution

Condition: \[ -x^2 - 4 \ge 0 \Rightarrow x^2 + 4 \le 0 \]

Since $x^2 + 4$ is always at least 4 for any real $x$, it can never be less than or equal to 0.

Domain: Empty set (no real solutions).

Example 7: Intersection of Intervals

Find the domain of: \[ f(x) = \dfrac{\sqrt{6 - x}}{\sqrt{x - 2}} \]

View Solution

Conditions:

  • Numerator: $6 - x \ge 0 \Rightarrow x \le 6$
  • Denominator: $x - 2 > 0 \Rightarrow x > 2$

Intersection: $2 < x \le 6$. In interval notation: $(2, 6]$.

Graph for Example 7

Example 8: Quadratic Difference (Positive $x^2$)

Find the domain of: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{x^2 - 4} \]

View Solution

Condition: \[ x^2 - 4 \ge 0 \Rightarrow (x - 2)(x + 2) \ge 0 \]

This inequality holds when $x$ is outside the roots $-2$ and $2$.

Domain: $(-\infty, -2] \cup [2, \infty)$.

Graph for Example 8

Example 9: Quadratic Difference (Negative $x^2$)

Find the domain of: \[ f(x) = \sqrt{4 - x^2} \]

View Solution

Condition: \[ 4 - x^2 \ge 0 \Rightarrow (2 - x)(2 + x) \ge 0 \]

This inequality holds when $x$ is between the roots $-2$ and $2$.

Domain: $[-2, 2]$.

Graph for Example 9

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