配方法求积分

复习公式、带有详细解答的分步例题、练习题与参考资料

关于如何运用配方法换元法求包含二次表达式的积分的例题、详细解答和带有答案的练习题。练习题及其答案也包含在内。

导数与积分公式复习

注意:在下文中,\( c \) 为积分常数。

我们首先复习一些包含二次表达式的已知反函数对应的导数公式:

\[ \begin{aligned} & \dfrac{d}{dx} \arcsin x = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} \\[15pt] & \dfrac{d}{dx} \arctan x = \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} \\[15pt] & \dfrac{d}{dx} \operatorname{arcsinh} x = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} \\[15pt] & \dfrac{d}{dx} \operatorname{arccosh} x = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}} \end{aligned} \]

我们现在利用上述求导公式来写出相应的积分公式:

\[ \begin{aligned} & \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} \, dx = \arcsin x + c \\[15pt] & \int \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} \, dx = \arctan x + c \\[15pt] & \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} \, dx = \operatorname{arcsinh} x + c \\[15pt] & \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}} \, dx = \operatorname{arccosh} x + c \end{aligned} \]

带详细解答的例题

例题 1

求积分:

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{-x^2 - x}} \, dx \]
例题 1 解答

我们首先对表达式 \( -x^2 - x \) 进行配方

\[ \begin{aligned} & -x^2 - x \\ & = -(x^2 + x) \\ & = -\left( \left(x + \frac{1}{2}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{4} \right) \\ & = \dfrac{1}{4} - \left(x + \frac{1}{2}\right)^2 \end{aligned} \]

将上式代入原积分中:

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{-x^2 - x}} \, dx = \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{4} - \left(x + \frac{1}{2}\right)^2}} \, dx \]

将根号内的 \( \dfrac{1}{4} \) 提取出来:

\[ = \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1 - \left(2\left(x + \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)^2\right)}} \, dx = \int \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{1 - (2x + 1)^2}} \, dx \]

使用换元法:令 \( z = 2x + 1 \),则 \( dz = 2 \, dx \)(即 \( dx = \dfrac{dz}{2} \)):

\[ = \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - z^2}} \, dz = \arcsin(z) + c \]

代回 \( z = 2x + 1 \) 得到最终答案:

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{-x^2 - x}} \, dx = \arcsin(2x + 1) + c \]

例题 2

求积分:

\[ \int \dfrac{2}{3x^2 + 12x + 24} \, dx \]
例题 2 解答

我们首先对表达式 \( 3x^2 + 12x + 24 \) 进行配方

\[ \begin{aligned} & = 3(x^2 + 4x) + 24 \\ & = 3\left((x + 2)^2 - 4\right) + 24 \\ & = 3(x + 2)^2 - 12 + 24 = 3(x + 2)^2 + 12 \\ & = 12\left(\dfrac{1}{4}(x + 2)^2 + 1\right) = 12\left(\left(\dfrac{x}{2} + 1\right)^2 + 1\right) \end{aligned} \]

代入积分中并使用换元法(\( z = \dfrac{x}{2} + 1 \),\( dx = 2 \, dz \)):

\[ \int \dfrac{2}{3x^2 + 12x + 24} \, dx = \int \dfrac{2}{12\left(\left(\dfrac{x}{2} + 1\right)^2 + 1\right)} \, dx = \dfrac{1}{6} \int \dfrac{1}{z^2 + 1} (2 \, dz) = \dfrac{1}{3} \int \dfrac{1}{z^2 + 1} \, dz \]

计算并代回:

\[ = \dfrac{1}{3} \arctan(z) + c = \dfrac{1}{3} \arctan\left(\dfrac{x}{2} + 1\right) + c \]

例题 3

求积分:

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + 12x + 40}} \, dx \]
例题 3 解答

对 \( x^2 + 12x + 40 \) 进行配方:

\[ x^2 + 12x + 40 = (x + 6)^2 - 36 + 40 = (x + 6)^2 + 4 \]

改写积分:

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{(x + 6)^2 + 4}} \, dx = \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{4\left(\left(\dfrac{x}{2} + 3\right)^2 + 1\right)}} \, dx = \int \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{x}{2} + 3\right)^2 + 1}} \, dx \]

令 \( z = \dfrac{x}{2} + 3 \),则 \( dx = 2 \, dz \):

\[ = \int \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{z^2 + 1}} \, dz = \operatorname{arcsinh}(z) + c = \operatorname{arcsinh}\left(\dfrac{x}{2} + 3\right) + c \]

例题 4

求积分:

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{10 + x^2 - 2x} \, dx \]
例题 4 解答

对分母 \( 10 + x^2 - 2x \) 进行配方:

\[ x^2 - 2x + 10 = (x - 1)^2 - 1 + 10 = (x - 1)^2 + 9 \]

改写积分并提取 \( 9 \):

\[ \int \dfrac{1}{(x - 1)^2 + 9} \, dx = \int \dfrac{1}{9\left(\left(\dfrac{x - 1}{3}\right)^2 + 1\right)} \, dx \]

令 \( z = \dfrac{x - 1}{3} \),则 \( dx = 3 \, dz \):

\[ = \dfrac{1}{9} \int \dfrac{1}{z^2 + 1} (3 \, dz) = \dfrac{1}{3} \int \dfrac{1}{z^2 + 1} \, dz = \dfrac{1}{3} \arctan(z) + c \]

代回 \( z \):

\[ = \dfrac{1}{3} \arctan\left(\dfrac{x - 1}{3}\right) + c \]

练习题

计算下列积分:

  1. \( \displaystyle \int \dfrac{3}{\sqrt{9 - x^2}} \, dx \)
  2. \( \displaystyle \int \dfrac{3}{x^2 + 12x + 45} \, dx \)
  3. \( \displaystyle \int \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 10x + 13}} \, dx \)
  4. \( \displaystyle \int \dfrac{1}{5 + x^2 + 2x} \, dx \)

上述练习题的答案

  1. \( 3 \arcsin\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right) + c \)
  2. \( \arctan\left(\dfrac{x}{3} + 2\right) + c \)
  3. \( \operatorname{arcsinh}(2x + 5) + c \)
  4. \( \dfrac{1}{2} \arctan\left(\dfrac{x + 1}{2}\right) + c \)

更多参考资料与链接

  1. 微积分中的积分及其应用
  2. 配方法教程
  3. 换元积分法教程